The Relationship Between Menopause and Anxiety in Women
Menopause, a natural biological process that marks the end of a woman’s reproductive years, is often accompanied by a variety of physical and emotional changes. While the physical symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats and sleep disturbances are commonly discussed, the impact of menopause on mental health, specifically anxiety, is an area that deserves attention.
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental health conditions worldwide, affecting both, men and women. During menopause, the hormonal fluctuations and decline in oestrogen levels can significantly influence a woman’s emotional wellbeing, potentially contributing to the development or exacerbation of anxiety symptoms.
Hormonal Fluctuation and Its Impact on Anxiety
One of the key factors contributing to anxiety during menopause is hormonal fluctuations that occur, particularly the decline in oestrogen levels. Oestrogen is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including mood and emotions. It has a modulation effect on neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin and dopamine, which are involved in regulating mood. Research suggests that low oestrogen levels may affect the amygdala, a part of the brain involved in processing emotions. The amygdala plays a crucial role in the fear response and emotional processing. When oestrogen levels decrease, it can lead to hyperactivity in the amygdala, resulting in heightened anxiety and emotional sensitivity.
Vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flashes and night sweats, are commonly experienced by women going through menopause. These symptoms are caused by hormonal fluctuations, particularly decline in oestrogen levels. While vasomotor symptoms are often discussed in relation to their physical discomfort, they can also impact mental health, including anxiety, through their association with sleep disturbances.
Psychological factors: Menopause and Its Influence on Emotional Wellbeing
Menopause is not solely a physiological event but also a significant life transition that can have profound psychological effects on women. It can affect:
Body Image Concerns
Changes in body composition, including weight gain, redistribution of fat and alteration in skin elasticity. These physical changes, coupled with social expectations and media portrayals of youth and beauty, can lead to body image concerns and reduced self-esteem. Women can feel more self-conscious, less confident and more susceptible to anxiety related to their appearance.
Emotional Adjustment
The hormonal fluctuations and physical symptoms of menopause can affect women’s emotional wellbeing. Mood swings, irritability and increased sensitivity are not uncommon during this time. Emotional adjustment to the changes happening in the body can be overwhelming, leading to heightened anxiety and emotional distress.
Perceived Loss of Femininity
Menopause is associated with societal perceptions of ageing and perceived loss of femininity. The cultural emphasis on youthfulness and fertility can contribute to feelings of diminished attractiveness or femininity, impacting women’s self-concept and emotional wellbeing.
Life transitions and Stressors
Menopause often coincides with other life transitions, such as children leaving home (empty nest syndrome), career changes or relationship adjustments. These additional stressors can compound the psychological impact of menopause, contributing to increased anxiety.
Lack of Open Dialogue
Societal stigma and a lack of open dialogue surrounding menopause can exacerbate psychological factors and contribute to anxiety. Women may feel isolated, misunderstood or invalidated in their experiences. The absence of open discussions about menopause can hinder seeking support and perpetuate feelings of distress.
Addressing psychological factors during menopause involves promoting self-acceptance, self-care and positive coping strategies. Open communication about menopause, both within personal relationships and in broader societal contexts, can help break down stigma and foster understanding. Seeking help from healthcare professionals, counselling, support groups can provide a safe space to address emotional concerns and develop effective oping mechanisms. It is important to remember that psychological factors can interact with other aspects of menopause, such as hormonal fluctuations, influencing overall experience of anxiety. Each women’s journey through menopause is different and the psychological impact can vary. Tailored approaches to address psychological wellbeing alongside strategies to manage menopause-related symptoms, can help women navigate this life stage with improved mental health and greater resilience.
References:
Soares C. N. (2017). Depression and Menopause: Current Knowledge and Clinical Recommendations for a Critical Window. The Psychiatric clinics of North America, 40(2), 239–254.
Woods, N. F., & Mitchell, E. S. (2005). Symptoms during the perimenopause: prevalence, severity, trajectory, and significance in women's lives. The American journal of medicine, 118 Suppl 12B, 14–24